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criticism in the press

  • 1 criticism in the press

    Politics english-russian dictionary > criticism in the press

  • 2 criticism

    n
    критика; критические замечания; критические выступления, критические заявления

    to arouse / to attract criticism — вызывать / навлекать на себя критику

    to come in for / to come under a great deal of criticism — подвергаться серьезной критике

    to ease one's criticism of smth — уменьшать критику чего-л.

    to level criticism at smb — подвергать критике кого-л., направлять критику против кого-л.

    to provoke criticism — вызывать / навлекать на себя критику

    to reject smb's criticism — отвергать чью-л. критику; не соглашаться с чьими-л. критическими замечаниями

    to renew one's criticism — возобновлять критические выступления

    to respond to criticism — отвечать / реагировать на критику

    to step up one's criticism of smb — усиливать критику кого-л.

    to subject smth to criticism — подвергать критике что-л.

    to trigger criticism — вызывать / навлекать на себя критику

    to victimize smb for criticism — преследовать кого-л. за критику

    - blunt criticism
    - carping criticism
    - concrete criticism
    - constructive criticism
    - criticism continues unabated
    - criticism in the press
    - destructive criticism
    - excessive criticism
    - ferocious criticism
    - fierce criticism
    - guarded criticism
    - harsh criticism
    - heavy criticism
    - hushing up of criticism
    - ill-informed criticism
    - intolerant of criticism
    - just criticism
    - keen criticism
    - lashing criticism
    - literary and art criticism
    - malicious criticism
    - mounting criticism
    - oblique criticism
    - outspoken criticism
    - overt criticism
    - principled criticism
    - public criticism
    - renewed criticism
    - scathing criticism
    - severe criticism
    - sharp criticism
    - slashing criticism
    - stinging criticism
    - suppression of criticism
    - there is growing international criticism of smth
    - veiled criticism
    - violent criticism
    - widespread criticism

    Politics english-russian dictionary > criticism

  • 3 press

    A n
    1 the press, the Press (+ v sg ou pl) la presse f ; in the press dans la presse ; to get a good/bad press lit, fig avoir bonne/mauvaise presse ;
    2 ( also printing press) presse f ; to come off the press sortir des presses ; to go to press être mis sous presse ; at ou in (the) press sous presse ; to pass sth for press donner le bon à tirer à qch ; at the time of going to press à l'heure où nous mettons or mettions sous presse ;
    3 ( publishing house) maison f d'éditon ; ( print works) imprimerie f ; the University Press les Presses fpl Universitaires ; the Starlight Press les Éditions Starlight ;
    4 ( device for flattening) presse f ; ⇒ cider press, garlic press etc ;
    5 ( act of pushing) pression f ; to give sth a press appuyer sur qch ; at the press of a button en appuyant sur un bouton ;
    6 ( with iron) repassage m ; to give sth a press repasser qch ;
    7 ( crowd) foule f (of de) ;
    8 Sport épaulé-jeté m, épaulé-développé m ;
    9 GB dial ( cupboard) placard m.
    B modif [acclaim, freedom, criticism] de la presse ; [campaign, photo, photographer] de presse ; [announcement, advertising] par voie de presse ; press story, press report reportage m.
    C vtr
    1 ( push) appuyer sur [button, switch, pedal] ; to press sth in enfoncer qch ; press the pedal right down appuie à fond sur la pédale ; press the switch down pousse l'interrupteur vers le bas ; to press sth into enfoncer qch dans [clay, mud, ground] ; to press sth into place appuyer sur qch pour le mettre en place ; to press a lid onto sth mettre le couvercle de qch ; to press sth into sb's hand glisser qch dans la main de qn ;
    2 ( apply) to press one's nose/face against sth coller son nez/visage contre qch ; to press a blotter/cloth onto sth appliquer un buvard/chiffon sur qch ; to press a stamp/a label onto sth apposer un timbre/une étiquette sur qch ; to press one's hands to one's ears se plaquer les mains contre les oreilles ; to press the receiver to one's ear mettre l'écouteur contre son oreille ; to press one's face into the pillow enfoncer son visage dans l'oreiller ; to press one's knees together serrer les genoux ; to press two objects together presser deux objets l'un contre l'autre ;
    3 ( squeeze) presser [fruit, flower] ; serrer [arm, hand, person] ; to press sb to one presser qn contre soi ; to press sb to one's bosom presser qn contre son cœur ; to press the soil flat aplanir or niveler le sol ; to press clay into shape modeler de l'argile ;
    4 ( iron) repasser [clothes] ; to press the pleats flat aplatir les plis ;
    5 ( urge) faire pression sur [person] ; insister sur [point] ; mettre [qch] en avant [matter, issue] ; défendre [qch] avec insistance [case] ; to press sb to do presser qn de faire ; to press sb for action presser qn d'agir ; to press sb into a role forcer qn à jouer un rôle ; to press sb into doing forcer qn à faire ; I must press you for an answer je dois avoir une réponse ; when pressed, he admitted that… quand on a insisté, il a reconnu que… ; to press a point insister ; to press one's suit† faire une cour insistante ;
    6 Tech former [shape, object] ; presser [record, CD] ; emboutir [steel, metal, car body] ; pressed steel acier embouti ; to press out pieces reproduire des pièces par pression ;
    7 Naut Hist racoler, enrôler [qn] de force [recruit, man] ;
    8 Sport soulever [weight] ;
    9 Hist ( as torture) soumettre [qn] au supplice de l'écrasement.
    D vi
    1 (push with hand, foot, object) to press down appuyer ; to press (down) on, to press against appuyer sur [pedal, surface] ; the blankets are pressing (down) on my leg les couvertures pèsent sur ma jambe ; her guilt pressed down on her sa culpabilité lui pesait ;
    2 (throng, push with body) [crowd, person] se presser (against contre ; around autour de ; forward vers l'avant) ; to press through the entrance se presser à l'entrée ; to press through the crowd se frayer un chemin à travers la foule.
    E v refl to press oneself against se plaquer contre [wall] ; se presser contre [person].
    ■ press ahead aller de l'avant ; to press ahead with [sth] faire avancer [reform, plan, negotiations].
    ■ press for:
    ▶ press for [sth] faire pression pour obtenir [change, support, release] ; to be pressed for sth ne pas avoir beaucoup de qch.
    ■ press on:
    1 ( on journey) continuer ; to press on through the rain continuer sous la pluie ;
    2 ( carry on) aller de l'avant ; to press on regardless continuer malgré tout ;
    3 (move on, keep moving) fig passer à la suite ; let's press on to the next item passons au point suivant ; to press on with faire avancer [reform, plan, negotiation, agenda] ; passer à [next item] ;
    ▶ press [sth] on sb forcer qn à prendre [gift, food, drink].

    Big English-French dictionary > press

  • 4 press

    press [pres]
    1. noun
       a. ( = reporting, journalists collectively) presse f
       b. ( = printing press) presse f ; ( = place) imprimerie f
       c. ( = apparatus) (for wine, olives) pressoir m ; (for gluing, moulding) presse f
       a. [+ button, switch, accelerator] appuyer sur ; ( = squeeze) [+ sb's hand] serrer
       b. [+ grapes, olives, flowers] presser
       c. ( = iron) repasser
    • to press sb for payment/an answer presser qn de payer/de répondre
       e. [+ attack] poursuivre ; [+ advantage] pousser ; [+ claim, demand] renouveler
    ( = exert pressure with hand) appuyer ; [weight, burden] peser ; [debts, troubles] peser ( on sb à qn)
    [campaign, card] de presse
    ► press secretary noun (US) ≈ porte-parole mf du gouvernement
    (in work, journey) continuer
    * * *
    [pres] 1.
    1)

    the press —

    to get a good/bad press — lit, fig avoir bonne/mauvaise presse

    2) (also printing press) presse f

    at ou in (the) press — sous presse

    3) ( publishing house) maison f d'éditon; ( print works) imprimerie f
    4) ( device for flattening) presse f
    5) ( act of pushing) pression f
    6) ( with iron) repassage m
    7) ( crowd) foule f (of de)
    2.
    noun modifier [ acclaim, freedom, criticism] de la presse; [ campaign, photo, photographer] de presse; [ announcement, advertising] par voie de presse

    press story —

    3.
    1) ( push) appuyer sur

    to press something into — enfoncer quelque chose dans [clay, mud, ground, pillow]

    2) ( apply)
    3) ( squeeze) presser [fruit, flower]; serrer [arm, hand, person]
    4) ( iron) repasser [clothes]
    5) ( urge) faire pression sur [person]; insister sur [point]; mettre [quelque chose] en avant [matter, issue]; défendre [quelque chose] avec insistance [case]

    when pressed, he admitted that... — quand on a insisté, il a reconnu que...

    6) Technology former [shape, object]; presser [record, CD]; emboutir [steel, metal, car body]
    4.
    1) (push with hand, foot, object)
    2) [crowd, person] se presser ( against contre; around autour de; forward vers l'avant)
    5.

    to press oneself against — se plaquer contre [wall]; se presser contre [person]

    Phrasal Verbs:

    English-French dictionary > press

  • 5 press

    I 1. [pres]
    1)

    the press the Press + verbo sing. o pl. la stampa; in the press sui giornali; to get a good, bad press — fig. avere buona, cattiva stampa

    2) (anche printing press) stampa f.
    3) (publishing house) casa f. editrice; (print works) tipografia f., stamperia f.
    5) (act of pushing) pressione f.

    to give sth. a press — esercitare una pressione su, schiacciare qcs

    6) (with iron) stiratura f.

    to give sth. a press — dare una stirata o schiacciata a qcs

    7) (crowd) pigia pigia m.
    2.
    modificatore [acclaim, criticism] della stampa; [ freedom] di stampa; [photo, photographer] per la stampa; [announcement, advertising] tramite la stampa
    II 1. [pres]
    1) (push) premere [ button]; schiacciare [switch, pedal]

    to press sth. in — fare entrare o inserire qcs. premendo

    to press sth. into — conficcare qcs. in [clay, ground]

    to press sth. into sb.'s hand — mettere qcs. nella mano di qcn

    to press one's nose against sth. — schiacciare il naso contro qcs.

    3) (squeeze) spremere [ fruit]; pressare [ flower]; stringere [arm, hand, person]

    to press sb. to one — stringere qcn. a sé

    4) (iron) stirare con una pressa [ clothes]
    5) (urge) fare pressione su, sollecitare [ person]; insistere su [point, issue]; perorare [ case]

    to press sb. to do — spingere qcn. a fare

    to press sb. into doing — esortare qcn. a fare

    when pressed, he admitted that... — dopo molte insistenze, ha ammesso che...

    6) tecn. dare [ shape]; formare [ object]; stampare [record, CD, steel, metal, car body]
    2.
    1) (push with hand, foot, object)
    2) (throng, push with body) [crowd, person] accalcarsi, premere
    3.

    to press oneself against — schiacciarsi contro [ wall]; stringersi a [ person]

    * * *
    [pres] 1. verb
    1) (to use a pushing motion (against): Press the bell twice!; The children pressed close to their mother.) premere, pigiare
    2) (to squeeze; to flatten: The grapes are pressed to extract the juice.) spremere
    3) (to urge or hurry: He pressed her to enter the competition.) spingere
    4) (to insist on: The printers are pressing their claim for higher pay.) insistere su
    5) (to iron: Your trousers need to be pressed.) stirare
    2. noun
    1) (an act of pressing: He gave her hand a press; You had better give your shirt a press.) stratta; stirata
    2) ((also printing-press) a printing machine.) stampatrice
    3) (newspapers in general: It was reported in the press; ( also adjective) a press photographer.) stampa
    4) (the people who work on newspapers and magazines; journalists: The press is/are always interested in the private lives of famous people.) stampa
    5) (a device or machine for pressing: a wine-press; a flower-press.) pressa, torchio
    •
    - press conference
    - press-cutting
    - be hard pressed
    - be pressed for
    - press for
    - press forward/on
    * * *
    press (1) /prɛs/
    n.
    1 pressione; stretta: a press of the hand, una stretta di mano ( in segno d'affetto)
    2 pressa; torchio; pressoio: a cider press, una pressa per fare il sidro; a wine press, un torchio per fare il vino; a trouser press, una pressa per dar la piega ai calzoni; uno stiracalzoni
    3 (mecc.) pressa: hydraulic press, pressa idraulica
    4 [u] pressione; urgenza; (l') incalzare: the press of events, l'incalzare degli avvenimenti
    5 (= printing press) macchina da stampa; stampatrice; pressa a mano: to stop the presses, fermare le macchine (da stampa); ( di un libro) hot off the press, fresco di stampa; appena uscito
    6 stamperia; tipografia
    7 [uc] stampa; lo stampare; (fig.) recensione, critica: to get a good [a bad] press, avere una buona [una cattiva] stampa; The book is now in the press, il libro è in corso di stampa; to go to press, ( di libro) andare in stampa; ( di giornale) andare in macchina
    8 [u] (fig.) – the press, la stampa; i giornalisti: freedom of the press, libertà di stampa; the sporting press, la stampa sportiva
    11 (fam.) passata ( del ferro da stiro); colpo di ferro; stirata
    12 casa editrice: Oxford University Press, la casa editrice dell'università di Oxford
    13 ( sport: basket) pressing; difesa aggressiva
    16 ( tennis, = racket press) pressa; portaracchette
    19 calca; folla; ressa
    ● press agency, agenzia di stampa (o d'informazione) □ press agent, agente pubblicitario; addetto stampa; press agent □ press attaché, addetto stampa ( d'ambasciata) □ ( ginnastica) press bar, barra per i pettorali ( di attrezzo multiuso) □ press baron, potente proprietario di giornali; magnate della stampa □ ( sport) press box, tribuna stampa ( allo stadio, ecc.) □ a press campaign, una campagna giornalistica □ press conference, conferenza stampa □ press corps, stampa accreditata □ press corrector, correttore di bozze □ press cuttings (o press clippings), ritagli di giornale □ (metall.) press forging, fucinatura alla pressa □ (polit.) press gallery, galleria della stampa □ press laws, leggi sulla stampa □ press mark, impronta del ferro da stiro ( su un abito, ecc.) □ (naut.) press of canvas (o of sail), forza di vele □ press officer, addetto stampa ( di una fiera campionaria, ecc.) □ press photographer, fotoreporter □ press proof, bozza di stampa □ press release, comunicato stampa □ press reporter, cronista □ press room ► pressroom □ press run, tiratura ( di un giornale) □ (polit.) press secretary, addetto stampa ( di un personaggio politico) □ (cinem.) press show, anteprima per la stampa □ press stud, bottone automatico; automatico □ ( arte) press view, presentazione alla stampa □ to make a full-court press, ( basket) fare pressing a tutto campo; (fig. USA) esercitare una pressione fortissima (su q.) □ ( di libro, ecc.) off the press, appena stampato; fresco di stampa □ to send to press, dare alle stampe.
    press (2) /prɛs/
    n.
    ● (stor.) press-gang ► pressgang.
    ♦ (to) press (1) /prɛs/
    A v. t.
    1 premere; comprimere; calcare; pigiare; spingere; stringere: to press a button, premere un bottone (o un pulsante); to press the trigger, premere il grilletto; to press sb. 's hand, stringere la mano a q. ( in segno d'affetto); to press grapes, pigiare l'uva
    2 spremere: to press juice out of a lemon, spremere il succo da un limone
    3 abbracciare; stringere a sé: He pressed his daughter to his breast, strinse al seno la figlia
    4 mettere (q.) alle strette; incalzare; importunare; sollecitare; urgere: to press the enemy forces hard, incalzare il nemico da presso
    5 insistere su; far accettare a forza; imporre l'accettazione di: to press one's claim, insistere in una rivendicazione; to press a question, insistere su una questione; to press a gift on sb., far accettare a forza un dono a q.; to press for an answer, insistere per avere una risposta; to press sb. for a decision, chiedere insistentemente a q. di decidere; to press one's opinion on sb., imporre la propria opinione a q.
    6 stirare: to press clothes, stirare vestiti
    7 stampare, incidere ( un disco)
    8 (fig.) spingere; propagandare ( un prodotto, ecc.)
    10 ( sport: calcio, ecc.) pressare; incalzare; aggredire
    B v. i.
    1 affollarsi; accalcarsi; premere; spingere; incalzare; urgere: The rioters were pressing against the police, i rivoltosi s'accalcavano contro la polizia; Time presses, il tempo incalza (o stringe)
    3 ( sport) premere; fare pressing
    ● to press st. home ► press home □ to press the button, premere il bottone; (fig.) dare il via; fare il primo passo.
    (to) press (2) /prɛs/
    v. t.
    * * *
    I 1. [pres]
    1)

    the press the Press + verbo sing. o pl. la stampa; in the press sui giornali; to get a good, bad press — fig. avere buona, cattiva stampa

    2) (anche printing press) stampa f.
    3) (publishing house) casa f. editrice; (print works) tipografia f., stamperia f.
    5) (act of pushing) pressione f.

    to give sth. a press — esercitare una pressione su, schiacciare qcs

    6) (with iron) stiratura f.

    to give sth. a press — dare una stirata o schiacciata a qcs

    7) (crowd) pigia pigia m.
    2.
    modificatore [acclaim, criticism] della stampa; [ freedom] di stampa; [photo, photographer] per la stampa; [announcement, advertising] tramite la stampa
    II 1. [pres]
    1) (push) premere [ button]; schiacciare [switch, pedal]

    to press sth. in — fare entrare o inserire qcs. premendo

    to press sth. into — conficcare qcs. in [clay, ground]

    to press sth. into sb.'s hand — mettere qcs. nella mano di qcn

    to press one's nose against sth. — schiacciare il naso contro qcs.

    3) (squeeze) spremere [ fruit]; pressare [ flower]; stringere [arm, hand, person]

    to press sb. to one — stringere qcn. a sé

    4) (iron) stirare con una pressa [ clothes]
    5) (urge) fare pressione su, sollecitare [ person]; insistere su [point, issue]; perorare [ case]

    to press sb. to do — spingere qcn. a fare

    to press sb. into doing — esortare qcn. a fare

    when pressed, he admitted that... — dopo molte insistenze, ha ammesso che...

    6) tecn. dare [ shape]; formare [ object]; stampare [record, CD, steel, metal, car body]
    2.
    1) (push with hand, foot, object)
    2) (throng, push with body) [crowd, person] accalcarsi, premere
    3.

    to press oneself against — schiacciarsi contro [ wall]; stringersi a [ person]

    English-Italian dictionary > press

  • 6 savage

    savage ['sævɪdʒ]
    (a) (ferocious → person) féroce, brutal; (→ dog) méchant; (→ fighting, tiger) féroce; (→ reply, attack) violent, féroce;
    ∎ he came in for some savage criticism from the press il a été violemment critiqué dans la presse;
    ∎ the new policy deals a savage blow to the country's farmers la nouvelle politique porte un coup très dur ou fatal aux agriculteurs
    (b) (primitive → tribe) primitif; (→ customs) barbare, primitif
    2 noun
    sauvage mf;
    ∎ they behaved like savages ils se sont comportés comme des sauvages;
    ∎ they're little better than savages ce sont de vrais sauvages
    (a) (of animal) attaquer;
    ∎ she was savaged by a tiger elle a été attaquée par un tigre
    (b) (of critics, press) éreinter;
    ∎ the opposition leader savaged the government's latest proposals le chef de l'opposition a violemment attaqué les dernières propositions du gouvernement

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > savage

  • 7 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 8 savage

    'sævi‹
    1. adjective
    1) (uncivilized: savage tribes.) salvaje
    2) (fierce and cruel: The elephant can be quite savage; bitter and savage remarks.) feroz, violento

    2. verb
    (to attack: He was savaged by wild animals.) atacar ferozmente, embestir

    3. noun
    1) (a person in an uncivilized state: tribes of savages.) salvaje
    2) (a person who behaves in a cruel, uncivilized way: I hope the police catch the savages who attacked the old lady.) salvaje
    •
    - savageness
    - savagery
    savage adj
    1. feroz / salvaje
    2. brutal / violento
    tr['sævɪʤ]
    1 (ferocious) feroz; (cruel) cruel; (violent) violento,-a, salvaje; (severe) severo,-a, duro,-a
    2 pejorative (primitive) salvaje, primitivo,-a
    1 (animal) embestir (contra), atacar salvajemente
    2 figurative use (criticize) atacar violentamente, arremeter contra, poner por los suelos
    savage ['sævɪʤ] adj
    : salvaje, feroz
    ♦ savagely adv
    : salvaje mf
    adj.
    • cafre adj.
    • ferino, -a adj.
    • feroz adj.
    • fiero, -a adj.
    • inhumano, -a adj.
    • salvaje adj.
    • salvajino, -a adj.
    • sangriento, -a adj.
    n.
    • cafre s.m.
    • salvaje s.m.

    I 'sævɪdʒ
    a) (fierce, wild) <beast/attack> salvaje, feroz; < blow> violento; <persecution/criticism> feroz, despiadado; <cuts/reductions> salvaje
    b) ( uncivilized) <tribe/people> salvaje

    II
    noun salvaje mf

    III
    transitive verb atacar* salvajemente or con fiereza a
    ['sævɪdʒ]
    1. ADJ
    1) (=ferocious) [animal, attack] feroz, salvaje; [person] salvaje; [blow] violento; [war, criticism, remark] despiadado
    2) (=primitive) [custom, tribe] salvaje, primitivo
    3) (=drastic) [cuts, reductions] drástico, radical
    2.
    N salvaje mf ; noble 3.
    3. VT
    1) (=injure) atacar salvajemente
    2) (=criticize) atacar ferozmente or despiadadamente

    she was savaged by the press — la prensa la atacó ferozmente or despiadadamente, la prensa se ensañó con ella

    * * *

    I ['sævɪdʒ]
    a) (fierce, wild) <beast/attack> salvaje, feroz; < blow> violento; <persecution/criticism> feroz, despiadado; <cuts/reductions> salvaje
    b) ( uncivilized) <tribe/people> salvaje

    II
    noun salvaje mf

    III
    transitive verb atacar* salvajemente or con fiereza a

    English-spanish dictionary > savage

  • 9 expose

    ik'spəuz
    1) (to uncover; to leave unprotected from (eg weather, danger, observation etc): Paintings should not be exposed to direct sunlight; Don't expose children to danger.) exponer
    2) (to discover and make known (eg criminals or their activities): It was a newspaper that exposed his spying activities.) revelar, descubrir
    3) (by releasing the camera shutter, to allow light to fall on (a photographic film).) exponer
    •
    expose vb exponer
    if you expose your skin to the sun, it turns brown si expones la piel al sol, se pone morena
    tr[ɪk'spəʊz]
    1 (uncover, make visible) exponer
    2 (make known - secret etc) revelar, descubrir, desvelar, destapar; (- person) desenmascarar
    4 (introduce, acquaint with) exponer (to, a), verse expuesto,-a
    ■ he has never been exposed to these problems so he doesn't know what to do como nunca se ha visto expuesto a estos problemas, no sabe qué hacer
    5 (photo) exponer
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to expose oneself exhibirse desnudo,-a
    expose [ɪk'spo:z, ɛk-] vt, - posed ; - posing
    1) : exponer (al peligro, a los elementos, a una enfermedad)
    2) : exponer (una película a la luz)
    3) disclose: descubrir, revelar, poner en evidencia
    4) unmask: desenmascarar
    exposé or expose [.ɛkspo'zeɪ] n
    : exposición f (de hechos), relevación f (de un escándalo)
    v.
    • desenmascarar v.
    • desenvainar v.
    • exponer v.
    • manifestar v.
    • revelar v.
    ɪk'spəʊz
    1.
    1)
    a) ( lay bare) \<\<nerve/wire/wound\>\> exponer*
    b) ( subject)

    to expose something/somebody TO something — exponer* algo/a alguien a algo

    to expose oneself to criticism — exponerse* a las críticas

    2) ( uncover) \<\<secret/scandal\>\> poner* al descubierto, sacar* a la luz; \<\<inefficiency/weaknesses\>\> poner* en evidencia; \<\<criminal\>\> desenmascarar
    3) ( Phot) exponer*

    2.
    v refl

    to expose oneself — hacer* exhibicionismo

    [ɪks'pǝʊz]
    VT (=uncover) dejar al descubierto; (=leave unprotected) exponer; (=display) exponer, presentar; (Phot) exponer; (fig) (=reveal) [+ plot, crime] poner al descubierto; [+ criminal, imposter] desenmascarar; [+ weakness, one's ignorance] revelar, poner en evidencia

    to expose sb/o.s. to ridicule — poner a algn/ponerse en ridículo

    to expose o.s. to — [+ risk, danger] exponerse a

    to expose o.s. — (sexually) hacer exhibicionismo

    * * *
    [ɪk'spəʊz]
    1.
    1)
    a) ( lay bare) \<\<nerve/wire/wound\>\> exponer*
    b) ( subject)

    to expose something/somebody TO something — exponer* algo/a alguien a algo

    to expose oneself to criticism — exponerse* a las críticas

    2) ( uncover) \<\<secret/scandal\>\> poner* al descubierto, sacar* a la luz; \<\<inefficiency/weaknesses\>\> poner* en evidencia; \<\<criminal\>\> desenmascarar
    3) ( Phot) exponer*

    2.
    v refl

    to expose oneself — hacer* exhibicionismo

    English-spanish dictionary > expose

  • 10 exposé

    ik'spəuz
    1) (to uncover; to leave unprotected from (eg weather, danger, observation etc): Paintings should not be exposed to direct sunlight; Don't expose children to danger.) exponer
    2) (to discover and make known (eg criminals or their activities): It was a newspaper that exposed his spying activities.) revelar, descubrir
    3) (by releasing the camera shutter, to allow light to fall on (a photographic film).) exponer
    •
    expose vb exponer
    if you expose your skin to the sun, it turns brown si expones la piel al sol, se pone morena
    tr[ɪk'spəʊz]
    1 (uncover, make visible) exponer
    2 (make known - secret etc) revelar, descubrir, desvelar, destapar; (- person) desenmascarar
    4 (introduce, acquaint with) exponer (to, a), verse expuesto,-a
    ■ he has never been exposed to these problems so he doesn't know what to do como nunca se ha visto expuesto a estos problemas, no sabe qué hacer
    5 (photo) exponer
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to expose oneself exhibirse desnudo,-a
    expose [ɪk'spo:z, ɛk-] vt, - posed ; - posing
    1) : exponer (al peligro, a los elementos, a una enfermedad)
    2) : exponer (una película a la luz)
    3) disclose: descubrir, revelar, poner en evidencia
    4) unmask: desenmascarar
    exposé or expose [.ɛkspo'zeɪ] n
    : exposición f (de hechos), relevación f (de un escándalo)
    v.
    • desenmascarar v.
    • desenvainar v.
    • exponer v.
    • manifestar v.
    • revelar v.
    ɪk'spəʊz
    1.
    1)
    a) ( lay bare) \<\<nerve/wire/wound\>\> exponer*
    b) ( subject)

    to expose something/somebody TO something — exponer* algo/a alguien a algo

    to expose oneself to criticism — exponerse* a las críticas

    2) ( uncover) \<\<secret/scandal\>\> poner* al descubierto, sacar* a la luz; \<\<inefficiency/weaknesses\>\> poner* en evidencia; \<\<criminal\>\> desenmascarar
    3) ( Phot) exponer*

    2.
    v refl

    to expose oneself — hacer* exhibicionismo

    [ek'spǝʊzeɪ]
    N exposición f, revelación f
    * * *
    [ɪk'spəʊz]
    1.
    1)
    a) ( lay bare) \<\<nerve/wire/wound\>\> exponer*
    b) ( subject)

    to expose something/somebody TO something — exponer* algo/a alguien a algo

    to expose oneself to criticism — exponerse* a las críticas

    2) ( uncover) \<\<secret/scandal\>\> poner* al descubierto, sacar* a la luz; \<\<inefficiency/weaknesses\>\> poner* en evidencia; \<\<criminal\>\> desenmascarar
    3) ( Phot) exponer*

    2.
    v refl

    to expose oneself — hacer* exhibicionismo

    English-spanish dictionary > exposé

  • 11 Cobbett, William

    [br]
    b. 9 March 1762 Farnham, Surrey, England
    d. 17 June 1835 Guildford, Surrey, England
    [br]
    English political writer and activist; writer on rural affairs, with a particular concern for the conditions of the agricultural worker; a keen experimental farmer who claimed responsibility for the import of Indian maize to Britain.
    [br]
    The son of a smallholder farmer and self-taught surveyor, William Cobbett was brought up to farm work from an early age. In 1783 he took employment as an attorney's clerk in London, but not finding this to his liking he travelled to Chatham with the intention of joining the Navy. A mistake in "taking the King's shilling" found him in an infantry regiment. After a year's training he was sent out to Nova Scotia and quickly gained the rank of sergeant major. On leaving the Army he brought corruption charges against three officers in his regiment, but did not press with the prosecution. England was not to his taste, and he returned to North America with his wife.
    In America Cobbett taught English to the growing French community displaced by the French Revolution. He found American criticism of Britain ill-balanced and in 1796 began to publish a daily newspaper under the title Porcupine's Gazetteer, in which he wrote editorials in defence of Britain. His writings won him little support from the Americans. However, on returning to London in 1800 he was offered, but turned down, the management of a Government newspaper. Instead he began to produce a daily paper called the Porcupine, which was superseded in 1802 by Cobbett's Political Register, this publication continued on a weekly basis until after his death. In 1803 he also began the Parliamentary Debates, which later merged into Hansard, the official report of parliamentary proceedings.
    In 1805 Cobbett took a house and 300-acre (120-hectare) farm in Hampshire, from which he continued to write, but at the same time followed the pursuits he most enjoyed. In 1809 his criticism of the punishment given to mutineers in the militia at Ely resulted in his own imprisonment. On his release in 1812 he decided that the only way to remain an independent publisher was to move back to the USA. He bought a farm at Hampstead, Long Island, New York, and published A Year's Residence in America, which contains, amongst other things, an interesting account of a farmer's year.
    Returning to Britain in the easier political climate of the 1820s, Cobbett bought a small seed farm in Kensington, then outside London. From there he made a number of journeys around the country, publishing accounts of them in his famous Rural Rides. His experiments and advice on the sowing and cultivation of crops, particularly turnips and swedes, and on forestry, were an important mechanism for the spread of ideas within the UK. He also claimed that he was the first to introduce the acacia and Indian maize to Britain. Much of his writing expresses a concern for the rural poor and he was firmly convinced that only parliamentary reform would achieve the changes needed. His political work and writing led to his election as Member of Parlaiment for Oldham in the 1835 election, which followed the Reform Act of 1832. However, by this time his energy was failing rapidly and he died peacefully at Normandy Farm, near Guildford, at the age of 73.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    Cobbett's Observations on Priestley's Emigration, published in 1794, was the first of his pro-British tracts written in America. On the basis of his stay in that country he wrote A Year's Residence in America. His books on agricultural practice included Woodlands (1825) and Treatise on Cobbett's Corn (1828). Dealing with more social problems he wrote an English Grammar for the use of Apprentices, Plough Boys, Soldiers and Sailors in 1818, and Cottage Economy in 1821.
    Further Reading
    Albert Pell, 1902, article in Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England 63:1–26 (describes the life and writings of William Cobbett).
    James Sambrook, 1973, William Cobbett, London: Routledge (a more detailed study).
    AP

    Biographical history of technology > Cobbett, William

  • 12 Martyn, Sir Richard

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 1543
    d. July 1617
    [br]
    English goldsmith, Warden and later Master of the Royal Mint, entrepreneur and shareholder in Elizabethan metal industries.
    [br]
    Martyn became a leading shareholder in the Company of Mineral and Battery Works, the Elizabethan monopoly established in 1565 under the initiative William Humfrey. Its purpose was to mine lead and zinc ores and to introduce production of brass and manufacture of brass wire to England, activities in which he took an active interest. Appointed Warden of the Royal Mint in 1572, Martyn's responsibilities included the receipt of bullion and dispatch of freshly minted coins. He reported unfavourably on a new invention for producing "milled" coins by a screw press which embossed the two faces simultaneously. Considerable friction arose from his criticism of the then Master of the Mint. He was later subject to criticism himself on the irregularity of coin weights produced at the Mint. In 1580 Martyn leased Tintern wireworks, property of the Mineral and Battery Company, which was by then producing iron wire after earlier failing in the production of brass. Two years later he sought rights from the company to mine the zinc ore calamine and to make brass. When this was granted in 1587, he formed a partnership with others including William Brode, a London goldsmith who had been experimenting with the making of brass. Production started on a small scale using imported copper at Queen's Mill, Isleworth, largely financed by Martyn. Brode soon disagreed with his partners and with the Mineral and Battery Works Company and Martyn withdrew. After long and acrimonious disputes the works closed completely in 1605.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Alderman 1578. Knighted and appointed Lord Mayor of London 1589. Prime Warden of the Goldsmiths' Company 1592. Joint Master of the Mint with his son, Richard, 1599.
    Further Reading
    M.B.Donald, 1961, Elizabethan Monopolies, London: Oliver \& Boyd (provides a comprehensive account).
    JD

    Biographical history of technology > Martyn, Sir Richard

  • 13 welcome

    1. III
    welcome smb., smth. welcome a friend (guests, a delegation, etc.) приветствовать /радушно встречать, принимать/ друга и т.д.; welcome smb.'s kind help (smb.'s advice, a suggestion, candid criticism, corrections, etc.) приветствовать /с благодарностью принимать/ чью-л. любезную помощь и т.д.; welcome the coming of warm weather (a piece of news, an occasion, an opportunity of rendering him a service, etc.) радоваться наступлению теплой погоды и т.д.; dinner to welcome the new member обед в честь нового члена (клуба, общества и т.п.)
    2. IV
    welcome smb., smth. in some manner welcome smb., smth. warmly (heartily, graciously, courteously, affectionately, coldly, etc.) тепло и т.д. приветствовать /принимать/ кого-л.; welcome smb. somewhere welcome her back поздравлять /приветствовать/ ее с возвращением
    3. VII
    welcome smth. to do smth. welcome an opportunity /a chance/ to do smth. обрадоваться случаю сделать что-л.; welcome an opportunity to be of service to them (to help her family, to render them financial assistance, etc.) охотно воспользоваться возможностью оказать им услугу /быть им полезным/ и т.д.
    4. XI
    be welcomed your help (your suggestion; etc.) will be welcomed мы будем рады вашей помощи и т.д., ваша помощь и т.д. будет очень кстати; be welcomed somewhere he was welcomed home by his friends друзья поздравили его с возвращением домой; be welcomed in some manner he was warmly (eagerly, enthusiastically, eec.) welcomed его тепло, и т.д. приветствовали; be welcomed by smb. he was welcomed by large crowds (by the press, by his pupils, etc.) его приветствовали толпы людей и т.д.
    5. XXI1
    welcome smb. from (to, into) some place welcome him from England (her to Moscow, etc.) приветствовать его с приездом из Англии и т.д.; welcome her back from the south приветствовать ее с возвращением с юга; welcome the children to school поздравить детей с поступлением в школу или с началом учебного года; welcome smb. to one's home (to a gathering, to the party, etc.) приветствовать кого-л. в своем доме и т.д.; welcome a new member to the club приветствовать вступление в клуб нового члена; welcome a new relation into the family радушно принять нового родственника в семью; welcome smb. with smth. welcome smb. with applause (with shouts of joy, etc.) встречать /приветствовать/ кого-л. аплодисментами и т.A; welcome smb. with open arms встречать кого-л. с распростертыми объятиями; he welcomed me with kind words он встретил меня добрым словом; welcome smb. with a banquet (with a party) дать в честь кого-л. банкет, устроить в честь кого-л. прием; welcome smth. from smth., smb. welcome criticism from all quarters (from him, etc.) приветствовать /охотно принимать/ всякую критику и т.д.

    English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > welcome

  • 14 muzzle

    1. noun
    1) (of dog) Schnauze, die; (of horse, cattle) Maul, das
    2) (of gun) Mündung, die
    3) (put over animal's mouth) Maulkorb, der
    2. transitive verb
    1) einen Maulkorb umbinden (+ Dat.) [Hund]
    2) (fig.) mundtot machen, einen Maulkorb anlegen (ugs.) (+ Dat.) [Presse, Kritiker]; unterdrücken [Protest]
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) (the jaws and nose of an animal such as a dog.) die Schnauze
    2) (an arrangement of straps etc round the muzzle of an animal to prevent it from biting.) der Maulkorb
    3) (the open end of the barrel of a gun etc.) die Mündung
    2. verb
    (to put a muzzle on (a dog etc).) einen Maulkorb anlegen
    * * *
    muz·zle
    [ˈmʌzl̩]
    I. n
    1. (animal mouth) Schnauze f, Maul nt
    2. (mouth covering) Maulkorb m
    to put a \muzzle on the dog dem Hund einen Maulkorb anlegen
    3. (gun end) Mündung f
    II. vt (quiet)
    ▪ to \muzzle an animal einem Tier einen Maulkorb anlegen
    ▪ to \muzzle sb jdn mundtot machen; LAW einen Maulkorberlass herausbringen
    to \muzzle the press die Presse mundtot machen
    * * *
    ['mʌzl]
    1. n
    1) (= snout, mouth) Maul nt
    2) (for dog etc) Maulkorb m
    3) (of gun) Mündung f; (= barrel) Lauf m
    2. vt
    animal einen Maulkorb um- or anlegen (+dat); (fig) critics, the press mundtot machen; criticism, protest ersticken
    * * *
    muzzle [ˈmʌzl]
    A s
    1. ZOOL Maul n, Schnauze f
    2. Maulkorb m (auch fig)
    3. MIL Mündung f (einer Feuerwaffe):
    muzzle blast (burst, flash, report) Mündungsdruck m (-krepierer m, -feuer n, -knall m)
    4. TECH Tülle f, Mündung f
    B v/t einen Maulkorb anlegen (dat), fig auch die Presse etc knebeln, mundtot machen, jemandem den Mund stopfen
    C v/i (mit der Schnauze) herumwühlen, -schnüffeln
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) (of dog) Schnauze, die; (of horse, cattle) Maul, das
    2) (of gun) Mündung, die
    3) (put over animal's mouth) Maulkorb, der
    2. transitive verb
    1) einen Maulkorb umbinden (+ Dat.) [Hund]
    2) (fig.) mundtot machen, einen Maulkorb anlegen (ugs.) (+ Dat.) [Presse, Kritiker]; unterdrücken [Protest]
    * * *
    n.
    Maul Mäuler n.
    Mündung -en (einer Schusswaffe) f.
    Schnauze -n f. v.
    mundtot machen ausdr.

    English-german dictionary > muzzle

  • 15 immune

    adjective
    1) (exempt) sicher ( from vor + Dat.); geschützt (from, against vor + Dat.)
    2) (insusceptible) unempfindlich (to gegen); (to hints, suggestions, etc.) unempfänglich (to für); immun (to gegen)
    3) (Med.) immun (to gegen)

    immune system — Immunsystem, das

    * * *
    [i'mju:n]
    ((with to or from) protected against, or naturally resistant to, eg a disease: immune to measles; immune from danger.) immun, geschützt
    - academic.ru/36958/immunity">immunity
    - immunize
    - immunise
    - immunization
    - immunisation
    * * *
    im·mune
    [ɪˈmju:n]
    adj pred
    1. MED immun (to gegen + akk)
    2. ( fig: not vulnerable) immun
    the press had criticised her so often that she became \immune die Presse hatte sie so oft kritisiert, dass alles an ihr abprallte
    to be \immune to charm/criticism/flattery für Reize/Kritik/Schmeichelei unempfänglich sein
    3. POL, LAW (exempt) immun
    to be \immune Immunität genießen
    to be \immune from the law außerhalb des Gesetzes stehen
    4. ( fig: safe from) sicher ( from vor + dat)
    * * *
    [ɪ'mjuːn]
    adj
    1) (MED) immun (from, to gegen)
    2) (fig) sicher (from, to vor +dat); (from temptation etc) geschützt, gefeit (from, to gegen); (= not susceptible to criticism etc) unempfindlich, immun (to gegen)

    immune from prosecution — vor Strafverfolgung geschützt, immun (spec)

    * * *
    immune [ıˈmjuːn]
    A adj
    1. MED und fig (against, from, to) immun (gegen), unempfänglich (für):
    immune body (response, serum, system) Immunkörper m (-reaktion f, -serum n, -system n)
    2. (against, from, to) geschützt oder gefeit (gegen), frei (von):
    immune to corrosion TECH korrosionsbeständig
    3. befreit, ausgenommen ( beide:
    from von):
    B s
    a) immune Person
    b) immunes Tier
    * * *
    adjective
    1) (exempt) sicher ( from vor + Dat.); geschützt (from, against vor + Dat.)
    2) (insusceptible) unempfindlich (to gegen); (to hints, suggestions, etc.) unempfänglich (to für); immun (to gegen)
    3) (Med.) immun (to gegen)

    immune system — Immunsystem, das

    * * *
    adj.
    gefeit adj.
    immun adj.

    English-german dictionary > immune

  • 16 pass

    I
    1. [pɑ:s] n
    I
    1. 1) проход; путь

    the guide showed us the pass through the wood - проводник показал нам путь через лес

    2) путь, подход, ключ (к чему-л.)
    3) канал

    the government's power to shut and open the passes of trade - полномочия правительства открывать и закрывать каналы торговли

    2. проход, узкая улица, переулок; проулок
    3. ущелье, дефиле, перевал, седловина

    the Pass of Thermopylae - ист. Фермопильское ущелье

    the height of the pass is... - высота перевала...

    4. 1) воен. стратегическое укрепление, высота

    they defended the pass of the bridge - они обороняли предмостное укрепление

    2) форт, крепость в горах
    5. 1) фарватер, пролив, судоходное русло; судоходный канал
    2) рыбоход
    3) редк. брод, переезд ( на реке)
    6. горн. проход, пропускное отверстие; скат, ходок для людей
    7. метал. калибр или ручей валка
    8. горн. топографическая съёмка
    9. ав.
    1) неточно рассчитанный заход на посадку
    2) прохождение, пролёт ( самолёта)

    close pass - пролёт на небольшом расстоянии, близкий пролёт

    II

    pass of heat - теплопередача, переход тепла

    2. смерть
    3. карт. пас

    ♢

    a pass in review - воен. прохождение торжественным маршем

    to gain /to hold, to keep/ the pass - защищать своё дело

    to sell the pass - книжн. предать своих сторонников, своё дело и т. п.

    2. [pɑ:s] v
    I
    1. идти; проходить; проезжать

    to see smb. pass - видеть, как кто-то проходит

    to pass into [out of] the room - пройти в комнату [выйти из комнаты]

    please let me pass - пожалуйста, дайте мне пройти

    we passed through the town without stopping - мы проехали через город не останавливаясь

    the road passes close to the village - дорога проходит недалеко от деревни

    2. 1) проходить мимо, миновать

    to pass smb. in the street - встретить кого-л. на улице

    did you pass him on the road? - вы не встретили его по дороге?

    he has passed the fifty mark - разг. ему перевалило за пятьдесят

    2) обгонять (о машине, водителе)
    3) пройти (мимо), пропустить, прозевать

    to pass the stop - пропустить /прозевать/ остановку

    3. 1) не обратить внимания, пренебречь (тж. pass by)

    his rude remark passed without rebuke - его грубое замечание не встретило отпора

    I can't pass the matter by without making a protest - я не могу не выразить протеста по этому поводу

    2) пройти незамеченным, сойти (тж. pass unheeded, unnoticed или unobserved)

    the statement was allowed to pass unchallenged - никто не выступал против его заявления; никто ему не возражал

    4. 1) проходить (через что-л.), переезжать; пересекать, переправляться

    to pass an ocean [a desert, a frontier, a range of hills] - пересекать океан [пустыню, границу, горный хребет]

    2) перевозить, проводить (через что-л.)

    the barks passed horses and munitions - на барках перевозили лошадей и снаряжение

    a canal sufficient to pass boats of 25 tons - канал, через который могут пройти суда водоизмещением в 25 тонн

    3) просовывать

    to pass one's hand between iron bars - просунуть руку между железными прутьями

    5. 1) передавать (тж. pass over)

    pass me the butter, please - пожалуйста, передайте мне масло

    read the book and pass it to my brother - прочтите книгу и передайте её моему брату

    they passed buckets of water from hand to hand - они передавали вёдра с водой из рук в руки

    pass the word to reduce the weight of the load - скажите, чтобы уменьшили вес груза

    2) спорт. передавать, пасовать
    3) карт. пасовать, объявлять пас
    6. 1) (to, into) переходить

    to pass to the next item on the agenda - переходить к следующему пункту повестки дня

    to pass to smb. - переходить к кому-л.

    the manuscript passed into the hands of a specialist - рукопись попала в руки специалиста

    to pass to the reserve - воен. переходить в запас

    to pass from joy to tears - то радоваться /веселиться/, то плакать

    in descending the mountain we passed from snow to rain - спускаясь с горы, мы попали из снега в дождь

    hey pass! - иди! (восклицание фокусника, когда вещь якобы должна перейти в другое место)

    2) превращаться, переходить из одного состояния в другое

    a substance passes from a solid to a liquid state - вещество переходит из твёрдого состояния в жидкое

    when water boils it passes into steam - когда вода кипит, она превращается в пар

    3) переходить или передаваться по наследству (тж. pass over)

    his title passed to his eldest son - его титул был унаследован старшим сыном

    7. идти, проходить, протекать ( о времени)

    we have passed the early stage of our work - первый этап нашей работы уже завершён

    8. (про)мелькнуть, появиться

    a change passed over his face /countenance/ - он переменился в лице

    9. пройти; исчезнуть; прекратиться (тж. pass off)

    all things must pass - всё преходяще; всё проходит

    10. подходить, годиться

    this part of your article will pass - эта часть вашей статьи пройдёт /годится/

    11. происходить, случаться, иметь место

    did you see [hear] what was passing? - вы видели [слышали], что случилось?

    12. выхолить за пределы; быть выше

    to pass the £1,000 mark - превысить 1000 фунтов

    it passes belief /comprehension/ - этому нельзя поверить; это невероятно

    he did not pass the limit of his faculties - он не вышел за рамки своих возможностей

    the grief that passes show - горе, которое нельзя выразить словами

    13. ответить на (какое-л.) действие тем же действием, обменяться (приветствиями, взглядами и т. п.)

    to pass offices - обменяться услугами /любезностями/

    the articles passing between the two countries - товары, которыми обмениваются эти две страны

    words passed between them - они поссорились /поругались/

    the correspondence that has passed between us - переписка, в которой мы состояли

    tell me everything that passed between you - расскажите мне подробно, что произошло между вами

    II А
    1. проводить (время, день и т. п.; тж. pass away)

    what can we do to pass the time? - как (бы) нам провести время?

    2. проводить (щёткой, рукой и т. п.)

    to pass a hand over one's eye [across one's forehead, through one's hair] - провести рукой по глазам [по лбу, по волосам]

    to pass a wet sponge over smth. - а) провести мокрой губкой по чему-л.; б) стереть память о чём-л.; забыть что-л.

    he passed a wet sponge over his early life - он постарался забыть /перечеркнуть/ свою прошлую жизнь

    3. удовлетворять (требованиям, нормам и т. п.)
    4. 1) пройти ( испытание)
    2) выдержать, сдать ( экзамен)

    to pass exams with distinction /honours/ - сдать экзамены с отличием

    to pass master - получить звание магистра, главы колледжа и т. п.

    3) ставить ( зачёт); пропустить ( экзаменующегося)

    don't be afraid, we shall pass you - не бойтесь, мы вам поставим зачёт

    5. 1) пройти (цензуру, досмотр и т. п.)
    2) пропустить (через цензуру и т. п.)

    he had passed for the press all the sheets of the book - он подписал к печати все листы книги

    6. 1) утверждать (план, расход и т. п.)
    2) принимать (решение, резолюцию, закон и т. п.)

    to pass a bill [a resolution] - принимать закон [резолюцию]

    the majority will pass the bill - законопроект пройдёт большинством голосов

    the village was passed to be a township by the Council - совет принял решение считать эту деревню городом

    3) быть принятым, получить одобрение (о законе и т. п.)

    the bill passed the House of Commons - палата общин утвердила законопроект

    7. 1) выносить (приговор, решение)

    to pass sentence upon smb. - вынести приговор кому-л.

    the court passed sentence on him today - суд сегодня вынес приговор по его делу

    2) быть вынесенным
    8. высказывать ( суждение); делать ( замечание)

    to pass an opinion on /upon/ smth. - высказать мнение по поводу чего-л.

    I can't pass an opinion on your work without examining it thoroughly - я не могу высказать своего мнения о вашей работе, не прочитав её внимательно

    to pass censure /criticism, a remark, a comment/ upon smb., smth. - критиковать кого-л., что-л., сделать замечание кому-л., по поводу чего-л.

    9. 1) пускать в обращение (деньги, обыкн. фальшивые)

    he was arrested for passing forged notes - его арестовали за то, что он распространял фальшивые деньги

    2) быть в обращении, иметь хождение ( о деньгах)

    a Bank of England note used to pass anywhere - раньше банкнота Английского банка имела хождение везде

    10. (from)
    1) отходить, уклоняться (от принципов, курса и т. п.)

    to pass from a course [principle] - отклониться от своего пути /от курса/ [от своих принципов]

    2) умереть, отойти

    there has passed from among us a man who held a high position in English literature - от нас ушёл человек, произведения которого занимают значительное место в английской литературе

    11. (through) испытывать (лишения, трудности)
    12. (for) сойти (за кого-л.); слыть (кем-л.)

    he was forty but he might have passed for younger - ему было сорок, но можно было дать меньше

    in this small town he passed for a man of considerable means - в этом маленьком городке он слыл зажиточным человеком

    13. пропускать, протягивать ( верёвку); обвязывать ( верёвкой)

    to pass a rope /a cord/ round a pack - обвязать тюк верёвкой

    they passed a rope round the calf's hind legs - они связали верёвкой задние ноги телёнка

    14. амер. открывать ( ключом)

    all these doors should be passed with one key - все эти двери должны открываться одним ключом

    15. пронзить, проткнуть (кинжалом, шпагой)

    he passed his sword through his enemy's body - он пронзил своим мечом тело врага

    16. делать выпад, нападать ( фехтование)
    17. спорт. брать ( препятствие)

    to pass a hurdle - взять /пройти/ барьер

    18. делать пассы ( в фокусах)
    19. юр. изготовить, оформить ( документ)
    20. плутовать ( в картах)
    21. мед.
    1) иметь ( стул)
    2) испускать ( мочу)

    to pass urine /water/ - мочиться

    22. не объявить выплату ( регулярного дивиденда)

    to pass a dividend - амер. не назначить дивиденда

    concerns which not only passed dividends but went bankrupt - концерны, которые не только не выплатили дивиденды, но и обанкротились

    23. выдавать себя за белого (о мулате, квартероне и т. п.); скрывать своё негритянское происхождение

    ♢

    to pass by the name of... - быть известным под именем..., называться...

    to pass one's word /pledge/ - давать слово /клятву, обещание/

    to pass one's word for smb., smth. - поручиться за кого-л., что-л.

    no food has passed my lips since the morning - у меня во рту маковой росинки с утра не было

    to pass current - а) иметь денежную стоимость; б) быть обычным, общепринятым; в) распространяться как слух

    to pass on the torch - передавать знания /традиции/

    to pass the time of day - уст. поздороваться

    to pass (a) good morning /the compliments of the day/ - уст. пожелать доброго утра, поздороваться

    to pass in the checks - сл. умереть

    to pass the buck - амер. сл. свалить ответственность (на кого-л.)

    II [pɑ:s] n
    I
    1. сдача экзамена без отличия
    2. 1) посредственная оценка; проходной балл, зачёт
    2) оценка «посредственно» ( 3 балла в фигурном катании)
    II тк. sing
    (трудное, критическое) положение или состояние

    to bring to pass - совершать; осуществлять

    to bring things to a desperate pass - довести до крайности /до бедственного положения/

    to come to pass - происходить, случаться

    that things should have come to this pass! - как можно было довести это до такого состояния!

    things have come to a strange [serious] pass - дела приняли странный [серьёзный] оборот

    III
    1. пасс, движение рук (гипнотизёра, фокусника)
    2. фокус

    to perform a pass - сделать /показать/ фокус

    3. уст. остроумная выходка, выпад
    4. спорт. передача; пас

    flip pass - «подброшенная» передача

    to make a pass - а) передавать (мяч), делать передачу; б) нанести удар рапирой

    5. выпад ( фехтование)

    ♢

    to make a pass at smb. - а) делать выпад против кого-л.; б) пытаться ухаживать ( за женщиной)

    II [pɑ:s] n
    1. 1) пропуск, паспорт

    security pass - пропуск, выданный службой безопасности

    he got his pass and health certificate - он получил свой паспорт и справку о состоянии здоровья

    2) пароль

    to sell the pass - а) продать пароль ( неприятелю); б) выдать тайну, стать предателем

    2. воен.
    1) разрешение не присутствовать на поверке; отпускной билет; увольнительная
    2) амер. краткосрочный отпуск

    a soldier on a pass - солдат, имеющий краткосрочный отпуск

    3. бесплатный билет; контрамарка

    to grant smb. a free pass on the railway - выдать кому-л. бесплатный железнодорожный билет

    IV [pæs] сокр. от passenger

    НБАРС > pass

  • 17 stick

    stick [stɪk]
    bâton ⇒ 1 (a)-(c) canne ⇒ 1 (a) baguette ⇒ 1 (a) morceau ⇒ 1 (b) crosse ⇒ 1 (c) critiques ⇒ 1 (e) planter ⇒ 2 (a) enfoncer ⇒ 2 (a) mettre ⇒ 2 (b) fixer ⇒ 2 (c) coller ⇒ 2 (d), 3 (b) supporter ⇒ 2 (f) se planter ⇒ 3 (a) se coincer ⇒ 3 (c) rester ⇒ 3 (d)
    (pt & pp stuck [stʌk])
    1 noun
    (a) (piece of wood) bâton m; (for kindling) bout m de bois; (twig) petite branche f, brindille f; (walking stick) canne f, bâton m; (for plants) rame f, tuteur m; (drumstick) baguette f; (for lollipop) bâton m;
    ∎ gather some sticks, we'll make a fire ramassez du bois, on fera du feu;
    ∎ she had legs like sticks elle avait des jambes comme des allumettes;
    ∎ I'm going to take a stick to that boy one day! un jour je vais donner une bonne correction à ce garçon!;
    ∎ figurative the threat of redundancy has become a stick with which industry beats the unions pour le patronat, la menace du licenciement est devenue une arme contre les syndicats;
    ∎ his behaviour became a stick to beat him with son comportement s'est retourné contre lui;
    ∎ to get (hold of) the wrong end of the stick mal comprendre, comprendre de travers;
    ∎ you've got (hold of) the wrong end of the stick about this business vous avez tout compris de travers dans cette histoire;
    ∎ to get the short or dirty end of the stick être mal loti;
    ∎ she got the short or dirty end of the stick as usual c'est tombé sur elle comme d'habitude;
    ∎ proverb sticks and stones may break my bones (but words will never hurt me) la bave du crapaud n'atteint pas la blanche colombe
    (b) (piece → of chalk) bâton m, morceau m; (→ of cinnamon, incense, liquorice, dynamite) bâton m; (→ of charcoal) morceau m; (→ of chewing gum) tablette f; (→ of glue, deodorant) bâton m, stick m; (→ of celery) branche f; (→ of rhubarb) tige f
    (c) Sport (in lacrosse) crosse f; (in hockey) crosse f, stick m; (ski pole) bâton m (de ski); (baseball bat) batte f; (billiard cue) queue f de billard; (in pick-up-sticks) bâton m, bâtonnet m, jonchet m
    ∎ a few sticks (of furniture) quelques vagues meubles;
    ∎ we don't have one stick of decent furniture nous n'avons pas un seul meuble convenable
    (e) (UNCOUNT) British familiar (criticism) critiques fpl □
    ∎ to take a lot of stick (to be criticized) se faire éreinter ou démolir; (to be mocked) se faire chambrer ou charrier;
    ∎ to give sb stick (for sth) (criticize) éreinter ou démolir qn (à cause de qch); (laugh at) chambrer ou charrier qn (à cause de qch);
    ∎ the police got a lot of stick from the press la police s'est fait éreinter ou démolir par la presse;
    ∎ he got a lot of stick from his friends about his new hairstyle ses amis l'ont bien chambré ou charrié avec sa nouvelle coupe
    (f) esp American familiar (joystick) manche m à balai□ ; (gear lever) levier m de vitesse□
    (g) Military (cluster → of bombs) chapelet m; (→ of parachutists) stick m
    ∎ a dry old stick un pince-sans-rire;
    ∎ she's a funny old stick c'est un drôle de personnage;
    ∎ she's not a bad old stick, she's a nice old stick elle est plutôt sympa
    (i) familiar (glue) colle□ f; (stickiness) pouvoir m adhésif□
    ∎ to be up the stick (pregnant) être en cloque
    (a) (jab, stab → spear, nail, knife) planter, enfoncer; (→ needle) piquer, planter; (→ pole, shovel) planter; (→ elbow, gun) enfoncer;
    ∎ he stuck his fork into a potato il a planté sa fourchette dans une pomme de terre;
    ∎ she stuck the spade into the ground elle a planté la bêche dans le sol;
    ∎ don't stick drawing pins in the wall ne plantez pas de punaises dans le mur;
    ∎ there were maps with coloured pins stuck in them il y avait des cartes avec des épingles de couleur;
    ∎ I've got a splinter stuck in my finger je me suis planté une écharde dans le doigt;
    ∎ a ham stuck with cloves un jambon piqué de clous de girofle;
    ∎ watch out! you almost stuck your umbrella in my eye! fais attention! tu as failli m'enfoncer ton parapluie dans l'œil!;
    ∎ he stuck his elbow in my ribs il m'a enfoncé son coude dans les côtes;
    ∎ she stuck the revolver in his back elle lui a enfoncé le revolver dans le dos;
    ∎ stick the skewer through the chicken enfilez le poulet sur la broche, embrochez le poulet
    (b) (put) mettre; (insert) insérer, mettre; familiar (put casually) mettre□, coller;
    ∎ stick the candles in the holders mettez les bougies dans les bougeoirs;
    ∎ he stuck a rose in his lapel il s'est mis une rose à la boutonnière;
    ∎ she stuck the cork in the bottle elle a enfoncé le bouchon dans le goulot de la bouteille;
    ∎ to stick a flower in one's hair piquer une fleur dans ses cheveux;
    ∎ here, stick this under the chair leg tenez, calez la chaise avec ça;
    ∎ he stuck his foot in the door il glissa son pied dans l'entrebâillement de la porte;
    ∎ he stood there with a cigar stuck in his mouth/with his hands stuck in his pockets il était planté là, un cigare entre les dents/les mains enfoncées dans les poches;
    ∎ he stuck the card back in the pack il a remis la carte dans le jeu;
    ∎ she stuck her head into the office/out of the window elle a passé la tête dans le bureau/par la fenêtre;
    ∎ I had to stick my fingers down my throat il a fallu que je me mette les doigts dans la bouche;
    ∎ familiar mix it all together and stick it in the oven mélange bien et mets-le au four□ ;
    ∎ familiar stick it in your pocket colle ça dans ta poche;
    ∎ familiar can you stick my name on the list? tu peux ajouter mon nom sur la liste?□ ;
    ∎ familiar he pulled out his gun and stuck it in my face il a sorti son revolver et me l'a collé sous le nez;
    ∎ very familiar you can stick your job/money! ton boulot/fric, tu peux te le mettre où je pense!;
    ∎ very familiar stick it! va te faire voir!
    (c) (fasten) fixer; (pin up) punaiser;
    ∎ she stuck the broom head on the handle elle a fixé la brosse à balai au manche;
    ∎ it was stuck on the notice-board with tacks c'était punaisé au tableau d'affichage
    ∎ to stick a stamp on an envelope coller un timbre sur une enveloppe;
    ∎ help me stick this vase together aide-moi à recoller le vase;
    ∎ he had posters stuck to the walls with Sellotape il avait scotché des posters aux murs;
    ∎ stick no bills (sign) défense d'afficher
    (e) (kill → pig) égorger
    (f) British familiar (tolerate) supporter□ ;
    ∎ I can't stick him je peux pas l'encadrer;
    ∎ I don't know how you've stuck it for so long je ne sais pas comment tu as fait pour supporter ça si longtemps;
    ∎ what I can't stick is her telling me how to run my life ce que je ne peux pas encaisser c'est qu'elle me dise comment je dois mener ma vie;
    ∎ I'm amazed she stuck a term, let alone three years je suis étonné qu'elle ait tenu (le coup) un trimestre, et à plus forte raison trois ans
    (g) familiar (with chore, burden)
    ∎ to stick sb with a fine/the blame coller une amende/faire endosser la responsabilité□ à qn
    (h) American familiar (give injection to) faire une piqûre à□, piquer□
    (a) (be embedded → arrow, dart, spear) se planter;
    ∎ you'll find some tacks already sticking in the notice-board vous trouverez quelques punaises déjà plantées dans le tableau d'affichage;
    ∎ the point was sticking through the lining la pointe avait percé la doublure;
    ∎ don't leave the spade sticking in the ground ne laisse pas la pelle plantée dans le sol;
    ∎ they had straw sticking in their hair ils avaient des brins de paille dans les cheveux
    (b) (attach, adhere → wet clothes, bandage, chewing gum) coller; (→ gummed label, stamp) tenir, coller; (→ burr) s'accrocher;
    ∎ the dough stuck to my fingers la pâte collait à mes doigts;
    ∎ the damp has made the stamps stick together l'humidité a collé les timbres les uns aux autres;
    ∎ the dust will stick to the wet varnish la poussière va coller sur le vernis frais;
    ∎ her shirt stuck to her back elle avait la chemise collée au dos;
    ∎ a butterfly had stuck to the flypaper un papillon était venu se coller au papier tue-mouches;
    ∎ these badges stick to any surface ces autocollants adhèrent sur toutes les surfaces;
    ∎ food won't stick to these pans ces casseroles n'attachent pas;
    ∎ the noodles had got all stuck together les nouilles avaient collé ou étaient toutes collées;
    ∎ British familiar have some porridge! that'll stick to your ribs! prends du porridge, ça tient au corps!
    (c) (become jammed, wedged → mechanism, drawer, key) se coincer, se bloquer;
    ∎ the lorry stuck fast in the mud le camion s'est complètement enlisé dans la boue;
    ∎ this drawer keeps sticking ce tiroir n'arrête pas de se coincer ou de se bloquer;
    ∎ a fishbone stuck in my throat j'avais une arête (de poisson) coincée dans la gorge;
    ∎ figurative it stuck in my throat ça m'est resté en travers de la gorge;
    ∎ having to ask him for a loan really sticks in my throat ça me coûte vraiment d'avoir à lui demander de me prêter de l'argent;
    ∎ the words stuck in his throat les mots lui restèrent dans la gorge
    (d) (remain, keep) rester;
    ∎ they called him Boney as a child and the name stuck quand il était petit, on le surnommait Boney et le nom lui est resté;
    ∎ she has the kind of face that sticks in your memory elle a un visage qu'on n'oublie pas ou dont on se souvient;
    ∎ dates just never stick in my head je n'ai vraiment pas la mémoire des dates
    ∎ we know he's guilty, but will the charge stick? nous savons qu'il est coupable, mais est-ce qu'un tribunal le condamnera□ ?;
    ∎ to make the charge or charges stick prouver la culpabilité de qn□ ;
    ∎ the important thing now is to make the agreement stick ce qui compte maintenant, c'est de faire respecter l'accord□
    ∎ (I) stick j'arrête, je ne veux pas d'autre carte;
    ∎ the dealer must stick on or with seventeen le donneur doit s'arrêter à dix-sept
    ∎ familiar the sticks la cambrousse;
    ∎ they live out in the sticks ils habitent en pleine cambrousse
    ►► stick bean haricot m à rames;
    stick deodorant déodorant m en stick;
    stick figure personnage m stylisé;
    stick insect phasme m;
    American Cars stick shift levier m de vitesse;
    ∎ I don't know how to drive a stick shift je ne sais pas conduire une voiture à vitesses manuelles
    familiar (stay) rester (dans les parages); (wait) attendre□ ;
    ∎ stick around if you want, she'll be back in a little while tu peux rester si tu veux, elle ne va pas tarder à rentrer;
    ∎ I'm not sticking around a moment longer! je n'attendrai pas une minute de plus!
    ∎ to stick at it perséverer
    ∎ to stick at nothing ne reculer ou n'hésiter devant rien;
    ∎ she'll stick at nothing to get her way elle ne reculera devant rien pour parvenir à ses fins
    familiar (put away) ranger□ ; (hide) planquer
    (a) (person) soutenir;
    ∎ don't worry, I'll always stick by you sois tranquille, je serai toujours là pour te soutenir
    (b) (one's decision) s'en tenir à;
    ∎ I stick by what I said je maintiens ce que j'ai dit
    (a) (flap, envelope) coller
    (b) British familiar (note down) noter□ ; (scribble) griffonner□
    (c) familiar (place) coller;
    ∎ stick the box down in the corner colle le carton dans le coin;
    ∎ he stuck the plate down in front of me il a collé l'assiette devant moi
    (flap, envelope) (se) coller
    (a) (nail, knife, spear) planter, enfoncer; (needle) piquer, enfoncer; (pole, shovel) enfoncer, planter;
    ∎ he stuck the knife all the way in il a enfoncé le couteau jusqu'au bout ou jusqu'à la garde;
    ∎ she stuck the knife in again and again elle donna plusieurs coups de couteau
    (b) (insert → coin, bank card) insérer; (→ electric plug) brancher; (→ cork, sink plug) enfoncer; (→ word, sentence) ajouter;
    ∎ it's simple, just stick the key in and turn c'est très simple, il suffit d'insérer la clé et de tourner;
    ∎ I stuck my hand in to test the water temperature j'ai plongé la main pour vérifier la température de l'eau;
    ∎ he stuck his head in through the door il passa la tête par la porte;
    ∎ she's stuck in a lot of footnotes to give weight to her thesis elle a ajouté un tas de notes pour donner du poids à sa thèse
    (c) (glue in) coller;
    ∎ there's not enough space to stick in all these stamps/photos il ne reste pas assez de place pour coller tous ces timbres/toutes ces photos
    (a) (dart, arrow, spear) se planter;
    ∎ if the javelin doesn't stick in the throw doesn't count si le javelot ne se plante pas, le jet ne compte pas;
    ∎ the last dart failed to stick in la dernière fléchette n'est pas restée plantée
    ∎ stick in there! tenez bon!
    (a) (fasten on → gummed badge, label, stamp) coller; (→ china handle) recoller; (→ broom head) fixer
    (b) familiar (jacket, boots) enfiler□ ;
    ∎ he hurriedly stuck a hat on il s'est collé en vitesse un chapeau sur la tête
    coller, se coller;
    ∎ the stamp won't stick on le timbre ne colle pas;
    ∎ the patch sticks on when ironed la pièce se colle au tissu quand on la repasse
    (a) (extend → hand, leg) tendre, allonger; (→ feelers, head) sortir;
    ∎ to stick one's tongue out (at sb) tirer la langue (à qn);
    ∎ he stuck his foot out to trip me up il a allongé la jambe pour me faire un croche-pied;
    ∎ I opened the window and stuck my head out j'ai ouvert la fenêtre et j'ai passé la tête au dehors;
    ∎ to stick one's chest out bomber le torse;
    ∎ to stick out one's lower lip faire la moue
    ∎ to stick it out tenir le coup jusqu'au bout
    (a) (protrude → nail, splinter) sortir; (→ teeth) avancer; (→ plant, shoot) pointer; (→ ledge, balcony) être en saillie;
    ∎ his belly stuck out over his belt son ventre débordait au-dessus de sa ceinture;
    ∎ her ears stick out elle a les oreilles décollées;
    ∎ her teeth stick out elle a les dents qui avancent;
    ∎ my feet stuck out over the end of the bed mes pieds dépassaient du lit;
    ∎ the front of the car stuck out of the garage l'avant de la voiture dépassait du garage;
    ∎ his ticket was sticking out of his pocket son billet sortait ou dépassait de sa poche;
    ∎ one leg was sticking out of the sheets une jambe dépassait de sous les draps;
    ∎ only her head was sticking out of the water seule sa tête sortait ou émergeait de l'eau
    (b) (be noticeable → colour) ressortir;
    ∎ the red Mercedes really sticks out on ne voit que la Mercedes rouge;
    ∎ I don't like to stick out in a crowd je n'aime pas me singulariser ou me faire remarquer;
    ∎ it's her accent that makes her stick out c'est à cause de son accent qu'on la remarque;
    ∎ it sticks out a mile c'est clair comme le jour
    s'obstiner à vouloir, exiger;
    ∎ the union is sticking out for a five per cent rise le syndicat continue à revendiquer une augmentation de cinq pour cent;
    ∎ after sticking out for higher quotas, they had to settle for last year's levels après s'être battus pour obtenir une augmentation des quotas, ils ont dû se contenter de ceux de l'année dernière
    (a) (keep to → schedule) tenir, respecter; (→ plan) tenir;
    ∎ I can never stick to diets je n'arrive jamais à suivre un régime longtemps;
    ∎ we must stick to our plan nous devons continuer à suivre notre plan;
    ∎ once I make a decision I stick to it une fois que j'ai pris une décision, je m'y tiens ou je n'en démords pas;
    ∎ to stick to one's word or promises tenir (sa) parole;
    ∎ to stick to one's principles rester fidèle à ses principes;
    ∎ stick as close to the truth as possible restez aussi près que possible de la vérité
    ∎ I stick to what I said je maintiens ce que j'ai dit;
    ∎ she's still sticking to her story elle maintient ce qu'elle a dit;
    ∎ that's my story and I'm sticking to it c'est ma version et je m'y tiens
    (c) (restrict oneself to) s'en tenir à;
    ∎ stick to the point! ne vous éloignez pas du sujet!, tenez-vous en au sujet!;
    ∎ stick to the facts! tenez-vous-en aux faits!;
    ∎ can we stick to the business in hand? peut-être pourrions-nous revenir au sujet qui nous occupe?;
    ∎ to stick to the text serrer le texte de près;
    ∎ the author would be better off sticking to journalism l'auteur ferait mieux de se cantonner au journalisme
    ∎ to stick to one's post rester à son poste;
    ∎ he sticks to his room il ne sort pas de sa chambre;
    ∎ stick to the main road suivez la route principale
    ∎ stick close to the house restez près de la maison;
    ∎ his bodyguards stick close to him at all times ses gardes du corps l'accompagnent partout ou ne le quittent jamais d'une semelle;
    ∎ to stick to sb like glue se cramponner ou s'accrocher à qn, coller qn
    coller (ensemble)
    (a) (pages etc) être collé (ensemble)
    (b) (stay together → people) rester ensemble; figurative se serrer les coudes;
    ∎ we'd better stick together il vaut mieux que nous restions ensemble, il vaut mieux ne pas nous séparer;
    ∎ figurative we'll get through this bad patch if we stick together on sortira de cette mauvaise passe si on se serre les coudes
    (a) (sign, notice, poster) afficher; (postcard) coller; (with drawing pins) punaiser
    (b) (raise → pole) dresser;
    ∎ stick the target back up redressez la cible;
    ∎ to stick one's hand up lever la main;
    ∎ familiar stick `em up! haut les mains!
    (c) familiar (rob → person, bank, supermarket) braquer
    (point upwards → tower, antenna) se dresser; (→ plant shoots) pointer;
    ∎ I saw a chimney sticking up in the distance j'ai vu une cheminée qui se dressait au loin;
    ∎ the antenna was sticking straight up l'antenne se dressait toute droite;
    ∎ a branch was sticking up out of the water une branche sortait de l'eau;
    ∎ his hair's sticking up il est ébouriffé
    ∎ to stick up for sb prendre la défense ou le parti de qn;
    ∎ stick up for yourself! ne te laisse pas faire!;
    ∎ she can stick up for herself elle peut se défendre toute seule;
    ∎ he has trouble sticking up for himself/his rights il a du mal à défendre ses intérêts/à faire valoir ses droits
    (a) (activity, subject) s'en tenir à, persister dans;
    ∎ now I've started the job, I'm going to stick with it maintenant que j'ai commencé ce travail, je ne le lâche pas;
    ∎ I'm sticking with my old car for now je garde ma vieille voiture pour le moment
    ∎ stick with me, kid, and you'll be all right reste avec moi, petit, et tout ira bien

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > stick

  • 18 admit

    1. III
    1) admit smth. admit one's mistake (one's guilt, etc.) признавать свою ошибку и т. д., признаваться в своей ошибке и т. д.
    2) admit smth. admit an argument (a fact, etc.) соглашаться с доводом и т. д., признавать довод и т. д. убедительным; admit a hypothesis принять гипотезу; we said that he was wrong and he admitted it /as much/ мы сказали, что он неправ, и он с этим согласился; admit a claim law признавать претензию
    3) admit smb. admit employees (children, men, dogs, etc.) впускать служащих и т. д., разрешать вход служащим и т. д.; the old man opened the door and admitted me старик открыл дверь и впустил меня; this ticket admits one person по этому билету может пройти один человек; admit smth. admit light (air, water, etc.) пропускать свет и т. д.
    4) admit smb. admit girls (men, students, members, etc.) принимать девочек и т. д.; we shall admit only one hundred boys мы зачислим только сто мальчиков; the college does not admit women в этот колледж женщин не допускают /не принимают/
    5) admit smb., smth. admit many people (a very small audience, a great number of ships, ten cars, etc.) вменить много людей и т. д.; the theatre admits only 200 persons этот театр рассчитан только на двести человек; the stable admits only four horses в конюшне можно разместить только четырех лошадей; the harbour admits large liners (cargo boats, ships, etc.) в порт могут заходить большие лайнеры и т. д.; the passage admits two abreast по коридору рядом могут пройти только двое
    2. IV
    admit smth. in some manner
    1) admit smth. reluctantly (willingly, humbly, arrogantly, tacitly, laughingly, naively, etc.) неохотно /нехотя/ и т. д. признавать что-л. /признаваться в чем-л./
    2) admit smth. readily (formally, officially, lavishly, generously, etc.) охотно /с готовностью/ и т. д. соглашаться с чем-л.
    3) scarcely (hardly, freely, etc.) admit smth. скупо /едва/ и т. д. пропускать что-л.
    3. VII
    admit smth. to be smth. admit the task to be difficult (the statement to be true, the assertion to be groundless, the charge to be well founded, etc.) признавать задание сложным и т. д.; you must admit her statement to be doubtful вы должны согласиться с тем, что ее заявление сомнительно /не вызывает доверия/
    4. XI
    1) be admitted this much may be admitted это уж можно признать, с этим-то можно согласиться, это-то не вызывает сомнений
    2) be admitted ask for me and you will be admitted скажите, что вы ко мне, и вас пропустят /впустят/; I ordered that he was not to be admitted я распорядился, чтобы его не пропускали; children [are] not admitted дети не допускаются; dogs [are] not admitted с собаками вход воспрещен; be admitted to some place be admitted to the ball, (to the theatre, to the garden, etc.) иметь право пройти /право входа/ на бал и т. д.; we were admitted to the third performance нас (про-) пустили на третье представление
    3) be admitted to smth. only 100 boys are admitted to this school every year в эту школу ежегодно принимают только сто мальчиков; he was admitted to the university его приняли /он поступил/ в университет; the study was admitted into the university curriculum эту дисциплину включили в учебный план университета
    5. XIV
    admit doing smth. admit receiving your letter (having done wrong, etc.) признаваться, что получил ваше письмо и т.д.; I shall never admit knowing it я никогда не сознаюсь, что знал /знаю/ об этом; no one would admit having done it никто не признается, что он это сделал
    6. XVI
    1) admit to some place admit to the house (to the cellar, to the garden, etc.) вести /открывать путь/ в дом и т. д.; the key admits to the house при помощи ключа можно проникнуть в дом
    2) admit of smth. often in the negative book, not to admit of dispute (of explanation, of hesitation, etc.) не допускать спирав и т. д.; this word admits of по other meaning это слово не может иметь другого значения; the passage (the sentence) admits of several interpretations этот отрывок (это предложение) допускает несколько интерпретаций /можно толковать по-разному/; English adjectives do not admit of this change английские прилагательные так не изменяются; his evidence admits of no doubt его свидетельские показания не оставляют места для сомнений; this matter admits of no delay [это] дело не терпит отлагательства; his guilt is too apparent to admit of discussion его вина абсолютно очевидна
    7. XVII
    admit to doing smth., admit to having taken the money (to having misled the police, to wronging her, etc.) признаваться в том, что взял деньги и т. д.
    8. XVIII
    admit oneself as possessing some quality admit oneself beaten признавать себя побежденным; I admit myself confused признаюсь, я в растерянности; he admitted himself satisfied (pleased) он признался /сказал/, что удовлетворен (доволен)
    9. XXI1
    1) admit smth. to smb., admit the mistake to the teacher (one's guilt to the police, the loss of money to one's parents, etc,) признаваться учителю в своей ошибке и т. д.; I admitted to myself the truth of her criticism себе я признавался в том, что ее критика справедлива
    2) admit smb. (in)to (within) smth. admit a stranger into the house (the whole party into the place, the police into one's residence, the representatives of the press to, the gallery, the visitors within the fortification, etc.) впустить /пропустить/ незнакомца в дом и т. д.; admit smb. to a show (to a film, etc.) пропустить кого-л. на спектакль и т. д., the ticket admits you to one lecture билет дает вам право на посещение одной лекции; admit smb. to an examination допускать кого-л. к экзамену; admit smb. to one's friendship (into one's intimacy, etc.) book, делать кого-л. другом и т. д.; I don't think you should admit him to your confidence мне кажется, что с ним не следовало бы быть откровенным
    3) admit smb. (in)to smth. admit boys into school (talented man to the Royal Academy, women into college, new members to a club, children into the company of grown-ups, this country into the fellowship of European nations, etc.) принимать мальчиков в школу и т. д.
    10. XXIV2
    I admit the signature as my own я признаю эту подпись/, что это моя подпись/
    11. XXV
    admit that... admit that I was wrong (that he did it, that you used this expression, that I've been unfair to you, etc.) допускать /соглашаться с тем, признаваться в том/, что я был неправ и т. д.; I admit that you are right признаюсь), [что] вы правы; let's admit that you are right допустим, что вы правы; everybody admits that there is some measure of truth in it все признают, что в этом есть доля правды; it must be admitted-that..., следует признать, что...; it is generally (universally) admitted that... всеми признано (общепризнано), что... abs "I am wrong", he admitted "Я неправ",- признался он
    12. XXVII2
    admit to smb. that... I admitted to them that I knew nothing я признался им, что ничего не знаю

    English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > admit

  • 19 face

    A n
    1 Anat, gen ( of person) visage m, figure f ; ( of animal) face f ; to have an honest face avoir un visage franc ; to have ink on one's face avoir de l'encre sur le visage ; he punched me in the face il m'a donné un coup de poing au visage ; to spit in sb's face cracher à la figure de qn ; to slam the door in sb's face claquer la porte au nez de qn ; to laugh in sb's face rire au nez de qn ; I know that face! je connais cette tête-là! ; to look sb in the face lit, fig regarder qn en face ; I told him to his face that he was lazy je lui ai dit en face qu'il était paresseux ; I dare not show my face fig j'ai peur de me montrer ; don't you dare show your face in here again! et que je ne vous revoie plus! ; to be face up/down [person] être sur le dos/ventre ; to put one's face on ○ hum se maquiller ;
    2 ( expression) air m ; the smug face of the interviewer l'air suffisant de l'interviewer ; she looked at me with a puzzled face elle m'a regardé d'un air perplexe ; a long face un air triste ; to pull ou make a face faire la grimace ; I can't wait to see his face when you tell him! j'ai hâte de voir la tête qu'il va faire quand tu lui diras ○ ! ; you should have seen their faces! tu aurais vu la tête qu'ils ont fait ○ ! ;
    3 fig ( outward appearance) to change the face of changer le visage de [industry, countryside] ; the changing face of education/Europe la face changeante de l'éducation/l'Europe ; the ugly face of the regime l'aspect monstrueux du régime ; the acceptable face of capitalism le bon côté du capitalisme ; on the face of it, it sounds easy à première vue or au premier abord, ça paraît facile ;
    4 ( dignity) to lose face perdre la face ; to save face sauver la face ; to avoid a loss of face he lied pour ne pas perdre la face il a menti ;
    5 ○ GB ( nerve) culot ○ m, audace f ; they had the face to ask for more money! ils ont eu le culot ○ de redemander de l'argent! ;
    6 ( dial) (of clock, watch) cadran m ;
    7 ( surface) (of gem, dice) face f ; ( of coin) côté m ; ( of planet) surface f ; the largest island on the face of the earth ou globe la plus grande île du monde ; to disappear ou vanish off the face of the earth ○ [person, keys] disparaître de la circulation ; the hidden face of the moon la face cachée de la lune ;
    8 Geol (of cliff, mountain) face f ; ( of rock) paroi f ; ( of mineral seam) face f ;
    9 ( printed surface) ( of playing card) face f ; ( of document) recto m ; face up/down à l'endroit/l'envers ;
    10 Print œil m.
    1 ( despite) en dépit de [overwhelming odds] ;
    2 ( in confrontation with) face à, devant [opposition, enemy, danger].
    C vtr
    1 ( look towards) [person] faire face à [person, audience] ; [building, room] donner sur [park, beach] ; to face north/south [person] regarder au nord/sud ; [building] être orienté au nord/sud ; he turned to face the door/class il se retourna vers la porte/la classe ; she stood facing the class elle était debout face à la classe ; facing me/our house, there is… en face de moi/de notre maison, il y a… ; a seat facing the engine un siège dans le sens de la marche ; face the front! regarde devant toi! ;
    2 ( confront) se trouver face à [challenge, crisis] ; se voir contraint de payer [fine] ; se trouver menacé de [defeat, redundancy, ruin] ; être contraint de faire [choice] ; être contraint de prendre [decision] ; affronter [attacker] ; se retrouver face à [rival, team] ; to be faced with se trouver confronté à [problem, decision] ; faced with such a hard decision, I panicked face à une décision aussi difficile, j'ai paniqué ; to be faced with the task of doing devoir faire qch ; faced with the prospect of having to resign/move house devant la perspective d'avoir à démissionner/déménager ; to face sb with confronter qn à [truth, evidence] ; he faces 18 months in prison il va devoir faire 18 mois de prison ; I'm facing the prospect of being unemployed je vais me retrouver au chômage ; the president has agreed to face the press/cameras le président a accepté de faire face à la Presse/aux caméras ;
    3 ( acknowledge) face the facts, you're finished! regarde la réalité en face, tu es fini! ; let's face it, nobody's perfect admettons-le, personne n'est parfait ;
    4 ( tolerate prospect) I can't face doing je n'ai pas le courage de faire ; I can't face him je n'ai pas le courage de le voir ; he couldn't face the thought of walking/eating l'idée de marcher/manger lui était insupportable ; I don't think I can face another curry tonight l'idée de remanger du curry ce soir me rend malade ;
    5 ( run the risk of) risquer [fine, suspension] ; you face spending 20 years in jail vous risquez vingt ans de prison ;
    6 Sewing ( reinforce) mettre des parements à [armhole] ; ( trim) mettre des revers à [cuff, jacket] ;
    7 Constr revêtir [façade, wall] (with de) ;
    8 Print, Publg [photo etc] être face à [page].
    D vi
    1 to face towards [person] regarder [camera, audience] ; [chair] être tourné vers [fire] ; [window, house] donner sur [street, garden] ; to face forward regarder devant soi ; to face backwards [person] tourner le dos ; to be facing forward/backwards [person] être de face/de dos ; to be facing up/down [card, exam paper] être à l'envers/à l'endroit ;
    2 Mil about face! demi-tour! ; left face! à gauche!
    in your face ○ ! US bien fait pour toi! ; to feed ou fill ou stuff one's face ○ s'empiffrer ○ (with de) ; to set one's face against sth s'élever contre qch.
    ■ face down US:
    ▶ face [sb] down intimider.
    ■ face out:
    ▶ face [sb] out tenir tête à [opponent, critic] ;
    ▶ face [sth] out faire front à [criticism].
    ■ face up:
    ▶ face up to [sth] faire face à [problem, responsibilities, fears] ;
    ▶ face up to [sb] affronter.

    Big English-French dictionary > face

  • 20 knock

    knock [nɒk]
    coup ⇒ 1 (a)-(c) critique ⇒ 1 (d) cognement ⇒ 1 (e) heurter ⇒ 2 (b), 3 (b) cogner ⇒ 2 (b), 3 (b), 3 (c) éreinter ⇒ 2 (c) frapper ⇒ 3 (a)
    1 noun
    (a) (blow) coup m;
    ∎ give it a knock with a hammer donne un coup de marteau dessus;
    ∎ there was a knock at the door/window on a frappé à la porte/fenêtre;
    ∎ she gave three knocks on the door elle a frappé trois fois ou coups à la porte;
    ∎ to hear a knock entendre frapper;
    ∎ no one answered my knock personne n'a répondu quand j'ai frappé;
    ∎ knock! knock! toc! toc!;
    ∎ can you give me a knock tomorrow morning? est-ce que vous pouvez (venir) frapper à ma porte demain matin pour me réveiller?
    (b) (bump) coup m;
    ∎ to give sb a knock on the head porter à qn un coup à la tête;
    ∎ I got a nasty knock on the elbow (in fight, accident) j'ai reçu un sacré coup au coude; (by one's own clumsiness) je me suis bien cogné le coude;
    ∎ the car's had a few knocks, but nothing serious la voiture est un peu cabossée mais rien de grave
    (c) (setback) coup m;
    ∎ his reputation has taken a hard knock sa réputation en a pris un sérieux coup;
    ∎ I've taken a few knocks in my time j'ai encaissé des coups moi aussi
    (d) familiar (criticism) critique□ f;
    ∎ she's taken a few knocks from the press la presse n'a pas toujours été très tendre avec elle
    (e) Cars (in engine) cognement m
    ∎ to knock a nail in enfoncer un clou;
    ∎ she knocked a nail into the wall elle a planté un clou dans le mur;
    ∎ she knocked a hole in the wall elle a fait un trou dans le mur;
    ∎ he was knocked into the ditch il a été projeté dans le fossé;
    ∎ the boy was knocking the ball against the wall le garçon lançait ou envoyait la balle contre le mur;
    ∎ the force of the explosion knocked us to the floor la force de l'explosion nous a projetés à terre;
    ∎ familiar to knock sb unconscious or cold assommer qn;
    ∎ the boom knocked him off balance la bôme, en le heurtant, l'a déséquilibré ou lui a fait perdre l'équilibre;
    ∎ figurative the news knocked me off balance la nouvelle m'a sidéré ou coupé le souffle
    (b) (bump) heurter, cogner;
    ∎ I knocked my head on or against the low ceiling je me suis cogné la tête contre le ou au plafond
    (c) familiar (criticize → author, film) éreinter; (→ driving, cooking) critiquer□ ;
    ∎ knocking your colleagues isn't going to help ce n'est pas en débinant vos collègues ou en cassant du sucre sur le dos de vos collègues que vous changerez quoi que ce soit;
    ∎ they're always knocking the trade unions ils n'arrêtent pas de taper sur les syndicats;
    ∎ don't knock it till you've tried it! n'en dis pas de mal avant d'avoir essayé□
    ∎ to knock holes in a plan/an argument démolir un projet/un argument;
    ∎ maybe it will knock some sense into him cela lui mettra peut-être du plomb dans la cervelle, cela le ramènera peut-être à la raison;
    ∎ the army soon knocked his enthusiasm out of him l'armée a eu tôt fait de tuer en lui toute trace d'enthousiasme;
    ∎ to knock sb into shape mettre qn au pas;
    ∎ British familiar to knock sth on the head (put a stop to) faire cesser qch□ ;
    ∎ British familiar our plans have been knocked on the head nos projets sont tombés à l'eau;
    ∎ British familiar knock it on the head, will you! c'est pas bientôt fini?;
    ∎ British familiar he can knock spots off me at chess/tennis il me bat à plate couture aux échecs/au tennis;
    ∎ American familiar it really knocked me for a loop ça m'a vraiment scié;
    ∎ to knock sb dead (impress) en mettre plein la vue à qn;
    ∎ Texas knocked them dead last night hier soir, Texas a fait un tabac
    (a) (hit) frapper;
    ∎ to knock on or at the door frapper (à la porte);
    ∎ she came in without knocking elle est entrée sans frapper;
    ∎ they knock on the wall when we're too noisy ils tapent ou cognent contre le mur quand on fait trop de bruit;
    ∎ it was a branch knocking against the window c'était une branche qui cognait contre la fenêtre
    ∎ to knock against or into heurter, cogner;
    ∎ she knocked into the desk elle s'est heurtée ou cognée contre le bureau;
    ∎ my elbow knocked against the door frame je me suis cogné ou heurté le coude contre le chambranle de la porte
    (c) (make sound) cogner;
    ∎ my heart was knocking je sentais mon cœur cogner dans ma poitrine, j'avais le cœur qui cognait;
    ∎ the car engine is knocking le moteur cogne;
    ∎ humorous his knees were knocking ses genoux jouaient des castagnettes;
    ∎ the pipes knock when you run the taps les tuyaux cognent quand on ouvre les robinets
    familiar (loiter) traîner;
    ∎ Vicky must be knocking about here somewhere Vicky doit traîner quelque part dans le coin;
    ∎ I knocked about in Australia for a while j'ai bourlingué ou roulé ma bosse en Australie pendant quelque temps;
    ∎ British are my fags knocking about? est-ce que mes clopes sont dans le coin?;
    ∎ that's what I wear to knock about in ce sont mes vêtements d'intérieur□
    familiar traîner dans;
    ∎ I knocked about town all day j'ai traîné en ville toute la journée;
    ∎ she spent a year knocking about Europe elle a passé une année à se balader en Europe;
    ∎ these clothes are OK for knocking about the house in ces vêtements, ça va pour traîner à la maison;
    ∎ your keys are knocking about the kitchen somewhere tes clés traînent dans un coin de la cuisine
    (a) (beat) battre; (ill-treat) malmener;
    ∎ he used to knock his wife about a lot il tapait sur ou il battait sa femme;
    ∎ the old car's been knocked about a bit la vieille voiture a pris quelques coups ici et là;
    ∎ the furniture has been badly knocked about les meubles ont été fort maltraités
    (b) (jolt, shake) ballotter;
    ∎ we were really knocked about in the back of the truck nous étions ballottés à l'arrière du camion
    (c) familiar (discuss) débattre□ ;
    ∎ we knocked the idea about for a while nous en avons vaguement discuté pendant un certain temps
    familiar fréquenter□ ;
    ∎ they knocked about together at school ils se fréquentaient à l'école
    (a) (drink) descendre;
    ∎ she could knock back ten vodkas in an hour elle pouvait s'envoyer dix vodkas en une heure;
    ∎ he certainly knocks it back! qu'est-ce qu'il descend!
    (b) (cost) coûter à□ ;
    ∎ that car must have knocked him back a few thousand pounds cette voiture a bien dû lui coûter quelques milliers de livres
    (c) (surprise, shock) secouer, bouleverser;
    ∎ the news really knocked me back la nouvelle m'a vraiment abasourdi ou m'a laissé pantois
    ∎ to knock sb back rejeter qn□ ;
    ∎ to knock sth back (offer, invitation) refuser qch□ ;
    ∎ she knocked him back il s'est pris une veste
    (a) (person) renverser; (in fight) envoyer par terre, étendre;
    ∎ she was knocked down by a bus elle a été renversée par un bus;
    ∎ he knocked the champion down in the first round il a envoyé le champion au tapis ou il a mis le champion knock-down dans la première reprise
    (b) (hurdle, vase, pile of books) faire tomber, renverser
    (c) (demolish → building) démolir; (→ wall) démolir, abattre; (→ argument) démolir
    (d) (price) baisser; (salesman) faire baisser;
    ∎ I managed to knock him down to $500 j'ai réussi à le faire baisser jusqu'à 500 dollars
    ∎ it was knocked down to her for £300 on le lui a adjugé pour 300 livres
    (a) (from shelf, wall etc) faire tomber;
    ∎ the statue's arm had been knocked off la statue avait perdu un bras;
    ∎ he knocked the earth off the spade il fit tomber la terre qui était restée collée à la bêche;
    ∎ he was knocked off his bicycle by a car il s'est fait renverser à vélo par une voiture;
    ∎ figurative to knock sb off their pedestal or perch faire tomber qn de son piédestal;
    ∎ familiar to knock sb's block off casser la figure à qn
    (b) (reduce by) faire une réduction de;
    ∎ the salesman knocked 10 percent off (for us) le vendeur nous a fait un rabais ou une remise de 10 pour cent;
    ∎ I managed to get something knocked off the price j'ai réussi à faire baisser un peu le prix
    ∎ she can knock off an article in half an hour elle peut pondre un article en une demi-heure
    (d) very familiar (kill) descendre, buter
    (e) British very familiar (steal) piquer, faucher; (rob) braquer;
    ∎ they knocked off a bank ils ont braqué une banque
    ∎ knock it off! (stop it) arrête ton char!
    familiar (stop work) cesser le travail□ ;
    ∎ we knock off at five o'clock on finit à cinq heures
    ∎ (in rugby) to knock the ball on faire un en-avant
    ∎ he's knocking on sixty il va sur la soixantaine;
    ∎ there were knocking on fifty people in the hall il n'y avait pas loin de cinquante personnes dans la salle
    (a) (in rugby) faire un en-avant
    ∎ my dad's knocking on a bit now mon père commence à prendre de la bouteille
    (a) (nail) faire sortir; (wall) abattre;
    ∎ one of his teeth was knocked out il a perdu une dent
    (b) (make unconscious) assommer; (in boxing) mettre K-O; familiar (of drug, pill) assommer□, mettre K-O;
    ∎ familiar the sleeping pill knocked her out for ten hours le somnifère l'a assommée ou mise K-O pendant dix heures
    ∎ her performance really knocked me out! son interprétation m'a vraiment épaté!
    (d) (eliminate) éliminer;
    ∎ our team was knocked out in the first round notre équipe a été éliminée au premier tour
    (e) (put out of action) mettre hors service;
    ∎ it can knock out a tank at 2,000 metres cela peut mettre un tank hors de combat à 2000 mètres
    ∎ I'm not going to knock myself out working for him je ne vais pas m'esquinter à travailler pour lui
    ∎ to knock oneself out (indulge oneself) se faire plaisir□ ;
    ∎ there's plenty of food left, knock yourself out! il reste plein de nourriture, sers-toi autant que tu veux!□
    (h) (pipe) débourrer
    (a) (capsize) renverser, faire tomber;
    ∎ I knocked a pile of plates over j'ai renversé ou fait tomber une pile d'assiettes;
    ∎ she was knocked over by a bus elle a été renversée par un bus
    (a) (hit together) cogner l'un contre l'autre;
    ∎ they make music by knocking bamboo sticks together ils font de la musique en frappant des bambous l'un contre l'autre;
    ∎ familiar they need their heads knocking together, those two ces deux-là auraient bien besoin qu'on leur secoue les puces
    (b) familiar (make quickly) faire à la hâte□ ;
    ∎ we knocked together a rough shelter on s'est fabriqué une espèce d'abri□
    s'entrechoquer
    (a) familiar (make quickly) faire à la hâte□ ;
    ∎ these buildings were knocked up after the war ces bâtiments ont été construits à la hâte après la guerre;
    ∎ he knocked up a delicious meal in no time en un rien de temps, il a réussi à nous préparer quelque chose de délicieux□
    (b) British (waken) réveiller (en frappant à la porte)
    (c) British familiar (exhaust) crever; (make ill) rendre malade□ ;
    ∎ that walk yesterday really knocked me up la promenade d'hier m'a complètement crevé;
    ∎ he's knocked up with the flu il a chopé la grippe
    ∎ the furniture is pretty knocked up les meubles sont plutôt esquintés ou amochés
    (e) very familiar (make pregnant) mettre en cloque;
    ∎ she got knocked up elle s'est fait mettre en cloque
    (f) (in cricket) marquer;
    ∎ he knocked up 50 runs before rain stopped play il a marqué 50 points avant que la pluie n'interrompe la partie
    British (in ball games) faire des balles

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > knock

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